endophytic squamous proliferation endophytic squamous proliferation

[The value of laminin-322 staining in distinguishing between keratoacanthoma, keratoacanthoma with areas of squamous cell carcinoma, and crateriform squamous cell carcinoma]. Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Islam MN, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM. Oral Dis. [70], Endophytes appear to enhance the growth of their plant host symbionts. Bagan JV, Murillo J, Poveda R, et al. In another experiment Burkholderia bacteria with both the TOM plasmid as well as nickel resistance genes was inoculated into yellow lupine; this increased the root mass of the plants, but the amounts of TCE transpired was not statistically significant. Head Neck. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. Endophytic fungi may be from Hypocreales and Xylariales of the Sordariomycetes (Pyrenomycetes) class or from the class of Loculoascomycetes. The adjacent epidermis is acanthotic but not dysplastic. This expert consensus guideline has been developed with support and endorsement from the leadership of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and the North American Society of Head and Neck Pathologists to recommend the use of standardized histopathologic criteria and descriptive terminology to indicate three categories of lesions within PVL: (1) corrugated ortho(para)hyperkeratotic lesion, not reactive; (2) bulky hyperkeratotic epithelial proliferation, not reactive; and (3) suspicious for, or squamous cell carcinoma. Classification of PVL lesions based on a combination of clinical findings and these histologic descriptive categories is encouraged in order to standardize reporting, aid in future research and potentially guide clinical management. Figure 6Bowenoid papulosis. C, Warty-basaloid HSIL is characterized by a verruciform architecture and basaloid epithelium with full-thickness atypia. Koilocytosis may be subtle but often can be appreciated in a background of hypergranulosis. It is hypothesized that the inciting event (trauma or other cutaneous disorder) causes keratinocytic degeneration and release of cellular lipids and chemokines, which then lead to a foam cell response, chemotaxis of neutrophils, and stimulation of epidermal proliferation.93,95 The absence of cytologic atypia or koilocytosis in verruciform xanthoma speaks against condyloma acuminatum, and the presence of xanthomatous cells excludes verrucous carcinoma. Manipulations of a plant's endosymbiots can affect plant development, growth and ultimately the quality and quantity of compounds harvested from the plant. Epub 2016 Jun 14. A, An exophytic and endophytic verrucous squamous proliferation with a bulbous, pushing base. From the Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor. Google Scholar. Squamous cell papilloma (SCP) is generally a human papillomavirus (HPV) induced exophytic or endophytic proliferation on the surface of the skin, oral cavity, larynx, esophagus, cervix, vagina, and anal canal. and transmitted securely. 2009;45(45):31723. The papillae have mostly rounded tips and prominent fibrovascular cores. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. [16] Studies have also shown that during experimental circumstances endophytes contribute significantly to plant growth and fitness under light-limited conditions, and plants appear to have increased reliance on their endophytic symbiont under these conditions. Feller L, Wood NH, Raubenheimer EJ. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [56], Endophytes produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that might be useful as lead compounds in drug discovery. [17], The presence of certain fungal endophytes in host meristems, leaves and reproductive structures has been shown to dramatically enhance the survival of their hosts. A, A warty squamous cell carcinoma shows an irregular verruciform architecture with conspicuous fibrovascular cores. Collectively, these feature give rise to a softer appearance compared to VV. Among these three types of clavicipitaceous endophytes are different interactions with their plant hosts. The fungi cause the grasses to contain toxic alkaloids. Staining in the former is strong and diffuse, and in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments (Figure 4, D). Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: An Expert Consensus Guideline for Standardized Assessment and Reporting. The eruption was Condyloma acuminatum is caused by HPV infection, with HPV types 6 and 11 being the most prevalent.5 HPV 6 and 11 belong to the low-risk HPV group, which essentially has no risk for malignant progression. J Oral Pathol Med. Epub 2020 Oct 16. An official website of the United States government. Abbey LM, Kaugars GE, Gunsolley JC, et al. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. : A clinicopathologic comparison of 2,153 lesions. Giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma used to be considered synonymous, but accumulating evidence supports that these are distinct entities with different pathogenetic pathways. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. Because histopathologic findings can vary in women with multiple SCC lesions, from keratoacanthoma-like to well-differentiated SCC, we hypothesized that TP53 variants might shed light on the appropriate classification. Benign alveolar ridge keratosis: clinical and histopathologic analysis of 167 cases. Behura SS, Masthan MK, Narayanasamy AB. B, Large spinous keratinocytes contain abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and bland nuclei. [42], Endophytes may have potential future applications in agriculture. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted PubMedGoogle Scholar. [10] Endophytes may become active and reproduce under specific environmental conditions or when their host plants are stressed or begin to senesce, thereby limiting the amount of carbon provided to the endophyte. 2019;13(3):42339. Interobserver and intraobserver variability in the histologic assessment of oral lichen planus. However, this view has been challenged by the frequent detection of HPV in giant condylomas but rarely in verrucous carcinomas.24,25 As in ordinary condyloma acuminatum, giant condylomas usually harbor HPV 6 and 11.24 Recurrence rate is high,21 and malignant transformation to invasive SCC has been reported in more than 50% of cases, most commonly in HIV-positive patients.20,21 Not surprisingly, coinfection with high-risk HPV has been demonstrated in carcinoma ex giant condyloma acuminatum.26, The microscopic features of giant condyloma acuminatum are similar to those of its ordinary counterpart except for its large size and more florid excrescences. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. This is a small series. Geetha KM, Leeky M, Narayan TV, Sadhana S, Saleha J. Grading of oral epithelial dysplasia: points to ponder. have activity against strains of multi drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 2018;12(4):50010. Fibrovascular cores are thin and inconspicuous relative to the hypertrophic epithelium. In Search of Nodular Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia: A Distinct Entity or Simply Hyperplastic Polyps Arising in Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia. Methods: A, This lesion demonstrates verruciform acanthosis and marked hyperkeratosis. Atypical Squamous Proliferation: What Lies Beneath?, Dermatologic Surgery | 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.01895.x | DeepDyve DeepDyve Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. 2021 Jan;48(1):184-191. doi: 10.1111/cup.13861. Natarajan E, Woo SB. PubMed J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2017;18(12):32514. [2] In exchange the endophyte receives carbon for energy from the plant host. Keratoacanthoma, committed stem cells and neoplastic aberrant infundibulogenesis integral to formulating a conceptual model for an infundibulocystic pathway to squamous cell carcinoma. The most comprehensive study reported 35 cases of penile papillary SCC, most of which occurred on the glans with or without involvement of the coronal sulcus and foreskin.51 The tumors form white-grey, irregular masses with serrated surfaces. Mller S. Frictional keratosis, contact keratosis and smokeless tobacco keratosis: features of reactive white lesions of the oral mucosa. Oral mucosal lesions associated with smokers and chewersa casecontrol study in chennai population. [73], There are several endophytes that have been discovered that exhibit insecticidal properties. Class 1 endophytes are mainly transmitted from host to host by vertical transmission, in which maternal plants pass fungi on to their offspring through seeds. 1999;28(6):2747. [24] Additionally, H. frisingense is known to produce indoleacetic acid (IAA),[25] and was also shown to manage IAA genes, indicating that there is an intricate balance maintained between ethylene and IAA by H. Both condyloma acuminatum and VV are caused by low-risk HPV. Multiple studies have shown that unlike giant condylomas, which consistently harbor HPV, anogenital verrucous carcinomas diagnosed on the basis of strict histopathologic criteria (see below) are predominantly negative for HPV.24,25,2830 These findings support distinct pathogenetic pathways in verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum, and that they should be considered separate entities. J Am Dent Assoc. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: diagnosis, management and current advances. 2012;17(6):e93542. A retrospective 20-year analysis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to malignancy and association with high-risk human papillomavirus. [24] However, unique to this experiment was the mode by which this was thought to happen. The latter refers to well-differentiated SCC with a papillary architecture. Aside from koilocytosis, cytologic atypia is absent (Figure 2, B). NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. PubMed Central These benefits can vary depending on the host and environmental conditions. 2006;8(2):6770. [31], There are many obstacles to successfully implementing the use of endophytes in agriculture. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa; terminology, classification and present concepts of management. This enhanced survivability is largely attributed to endophytic production of secondary metabolites which protect against herbivory as well as increased uptake of nutrients. [39] Systemic endophytes are defined as organisms that live within plant tissues for the entirety of its life cycle and participate in a symbiotic relationship without causing disease or harm to the plant at any point. [59] Three triterpenes were found in the endophyte Xylarialean sp., all three of these compounds displayed mild cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. [62], Endophytes have been discovered with various anti-tumor properties. Other endophytes since have been discovered that also produce paclitaxel in other host species, but to date there has been no successful industrial source of paclitaxel created. 2009;67(1):1406. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and field cancerization: report of a case. PubMed Weba solid nodular form, which is largely endophytic with solid, lobulated masses of epithelium 4. an uncommon cystic type, with irregular clefts within the tumor and the formation of [69] Piriformospora indica is an interesting endophytic fungus of the order Sebacinales, the fungus is capable of colonising roots and forming symbiotic relationship with many plants. Conspicuous parakeratosis fills many gaps between the verrucous projections, giving rise to a firm and rigid appearance. [22] Specifically, evidence points to endophytes producing ABA to affect stomatal conductance as well as microbial respiration and plants recycling CO2. Oral Oncol. Most common forms of treatment include LN2, ED/C, topical creams, Excision, and Mohs 2. There was less than moderate agreement (kappa<0.60) for lesions in the Bulky hyperkeratotic epithelial proliferation, not reactive category. This endophytic type has Condyloma acuminatum frequently enters the differential diagnosis of anogenital papules or plaques, especially those with a verruciform silhouette. [64][65] Two fusarubin derivatives: anhydrofusarubin and methyl ether of fusarubin were isolated from endophytic fungus Cladosporium sp. The 14 remaining tumors had more prominent cytologic atypia and remained classified as SCC. The eruption was initially treated with topical 5-FU twice daily for 4 weeks to treat his large hyperkeratotic lesions on the lower legs that were concerning for multifocal eruptive squamous atypia Demonstration of HPV 2 or other nongenital HPV types in the absence of HPV 6 or 11, either by in situ hybridization or by PCR-DNA sequencing, would support a diagnosis of VV and exclude condyloma acuminatum.6872. Systemic endophytes are defined as organisms that live within plant tissues for the entirety of its life cycle and participate in a symbiotic relationship without causing disease or harm to the plant at any point. Additionally, systemic endophytes concentrations and diversity do not change in a host with changing environmental conditions. Would you like email updates of new search results? Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Figure 2Giant condyloma acuminatum. Objective: A, A papillomatous lesion with parakeratosis completely filling the spaces between the papillary projections. Case 2. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Lichenoid characteristics in premalignant verrucous lesions and verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. A systematic review. Downward epithelial proliferation for at least three times the normal thickness of the epithelium was considered bulky endophytic proliferation. Woo SB, Grammer RL, Lerman MA. WebAn endophytic fungus, Pseudocercosporella trichachnicola, was found to be widespread in the warm-season grass species Trichachne insularis ( White et al., 1990 ). The proliferation barely protrudes above the surface Full size image Hyperkeratotic or papillomatous variant is characterized by prominence of papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis, and horn pseudocysts with some acanthosis (Fig. These viral cytopathic changes serve as an important diagnostic hallmark (Figure 1, B).9 Binucleated or multinucleated forms may be present. Interobserver agreement in dysplasia grading: toward an enhanced gold standard for clinical pathology trials. 2020;14(4):91522. Women with multiple squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the legs have a striking clinical phenotype. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. 1985;60(3):28598. 2014;170(5):103947. The upper keratinocytes acquire a moderate to abundant amount of cytoplasm as they mature toward the surface,45,46 where koilocytosis is readily appreciated (Figure 4, B). B, Fibrovascular cores are present. Google Scholar. However, in contrast with condyloma acuminatum, which is typically caused by HPV types 6 and 11, VV is most commonly induced by HPV 2, followed by HPV 1, 4, 65, 27, and others.68,69 Distinction of VV and condyloma acuminatum has important clinical implication especially in the pediatric population, as condyloma acuminatum would raise suspicion for sexual abuse, whereas VV is nonsexually transmitted. Head Neck. Recognition of relatively rare entities such as bowenoid papulosis, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma would avoid overdiagnosis and unnecessary, overaggressive treatment. J Oral Pathol Med. Figure 4Warty and warty-basaloid high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and squamous cell carcinoma. Class 4 endophytes are restricted to plant tissues below ground and can colonize much more of the plant tissue. [23], However, the specific biochemical mechanisms behind these behavioral changes are still largely unknown and lower-level signal cascades have yet to be discovered. The deeper dermis is remarkable for an inflammatory infiltrate and ectatic vessels. Direct immunofluorescence testing results in cases of premalignant and malignant oral lesions. - 213.202.212.252. Conclusion: Despite these failures, such techniques might lead to some future improvements. 1948;23(4):6708. 2013;18(3):e4113. Fischer DJ, Epstein JB, Morton TH, Schwartz SM. The rest of the keratinocytes appear normal. Oral Oncol. ( C) The endophytic squamous proliferation shows no cytologic atypia. The lesion is acanthotic and hyperkeratotic with variable degree of papillomatosis and/or invagination (Figure 8, A).76,79 The histopathologic pattern is that of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK), in which the keratinocytes in the granular and spinous layers display cytoplasmic vacuolation, reticular degeneration, coarse keratohyalin granules, and perinuclear eosinophilic inclusions (Figure 8, B).73,76,79 Despite superficial resemblance to koilocytosis, these unique characteristics of EHK effectively exclude condyloma acuminatum and VV. There is marked papillomatosis with usually mild hyperkeratosis (Figure 2, A). Keratoacanthoma: hyperplasia, benign neoplasm, or a type of squamous cell carcinoma? [42] Many non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have the ability to switch between endophytic behavior and free-living lifestyles. Histologic distinction between condyloma acuminatum and various benign and malignant condyloma-like lesions in the anogenital area poses a common diagnostic challenge to pathologists across subspecialties. [18], There is evidence that plants and endophytes engage in communication with each other that can aid symbiosis. Koilocytes containing enlarged and irregular nuclei, perinuclear halos, and coarse keratohyalin granules may be found in the granular and upper spinous layers. 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